Office Ergonomics - Computer Monitors and Display Colours

The choice of colour for characters on your computer monitor is largely a matter of personal preference. However, several aspects of the display should be considered before you select the colours that you will use. The most important points to consider are the clarity (legibility) of the characters and the contrast between the colour of the characters and the background colour of the screen.

The consensus is that the "non-colours", white and black, and the colours yellow, green, and orange are generally most acceptable. These colours (yellow, green, orange) are in the middle of the visible spectrum (the range of colours that our eyes can detect). Our eyes are not as receptive or sensitive to the colours at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum (such as bright blue and red). The focus point inside the eye for different colours is situated at different distances behind the lens. To simultaneously see different colours well, the eye has to focus quickly and alternatively at different distances. The further the colours are from each other in the visible spectrum, the more difficult the process is. When we try to focus at the same time on colours situated at opposite ends of the spectrum (such as red and blue), our eyes get more tired than when we focus on colours which are close to one another in the spectrum (such as green and yellow). Characters in colours situated at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum should probably be avoided unless displayed on a light or contrasting background.

Occasionally, colours may create "after images" following prolonged viewing. For example, after looking at a green image for a period, when you look away, white images may appear pink-tinged. This is a harmless, very short-term effect that can be caused by any coloured source (such as a painted surface), not just computer screens.

Positive polarity means that a monitor displays dark characters on a light background, while negative polarity means that light characters are displayed on a dark background. One polarity has little advantage over the other. The resolution of positive polarity screens tends to be less affected by glare (screen reflections). Also, the dark characters on a light background are similar to what we are most used to in print materials.  User preference should be the determining factor when setting display polarity.

The image contrast is given by the ratio between the brightness of the "white" and the brightness of the "black" that the monitor can reproduce. A higher contrast of the display can give the impression of increased brightness and can increase the capacity to notice details.

There are two types of contrast ratios: "static" contrast ratio and "dynamic" contrast ratio.

The "static" contrast ratio is the contrast ratio that can be produced at any moment in time, and is determined by calculating the ratio between the brightness of "white" and the brightness of "black" within a single picture on a display situated in a completely dark room. For example, a static contrast ratio of 1000:1 means that the black images on the screen are 1000 times darker than the white images.

The "dynamic" contrast ratio compares the brightest whites and the darkest blacks from different scenes of moving images on the screen. The display equipped with dynamic contrast ratio (DCR) has the ability to make dark scenes even darker by adjusting the intensity of the backlight. In this way, the ratio between the luminosity of the whitest white among all images and the darkest black from all images increases. As a consequence, the dynamic contrast ratio is always much higher than the static contrast ratio.

The monitors used in offices do not usually have DCR technology, so they are characterized by the "static contrast ratio".

High dynamic range (HDR) allows a wider range of colours and brightness, and greater detail in images. It requires an HDR-compatible display with a recommended brightness of at least 300 nits. Additionally, the content needs to be intended for HDR viewing in order to benefit from its advantages. The benefits of HDR are most pronounced when image quality is important, such as when watching videos or pictures, and less significant for common computer tasks, such as word processing.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors work differently from the more common liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors by turning off pixels when they need to display black. That results in a much higher contrast than capable with an LCD monitor. One major disadvantage of OLED monitors is the potential for "burn in" - that is, some static images can stay (or "burn") on the screen permanently when the displayed content does not change for an extended period of time.

Sharp images and adequate contrast ratios are typically required to make a display easier to read.

The human eye can perceive changes in contrast up to about a 1000:1 ratio. Changes are more noticeable when we pass from a 10:1 contrast ratio to a 20:1 contrast ratio. As the contrast ratio increases, the difference is noticed less. For example, the difference in contrast at ratios higher than 500:1 up to 1000:1 will seem minor. The contrast perceived by the viewer will always be less than the given contrast ratio for the monitor. This difference is due to the fact that the monitors are usually in an office setting, where the reflection of the surrounding light will reduce the contrast.

What is acceptable to an individual will also depend on character size, viewing distance and the type of task being done. A properly functioning monitor will typically provide adequate resolution and a static contrast ratio of up to 1000:1.

A screen's resolution refers to the number of pixels that can be shown on the screen. The higher the resolution, the more pixels can be displayed, resulting in a generally clearer picture. Most modern monitors start at least 1080p (1920 x 1080) resolution. This means 1920 pixels horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically. 1080p is also referred to as full HD. There are higher resolutions, such as quad HD (2560 x 1440 pixels) and 4K (3840 x 2160). Higher resolutions are more noticeable as the size of the display increases. Adjusting a monitor from a lower to a higher resolution may make some elements displayed on the screen appear smaller. This scale can be adjusted in the computer's settings to make viewing as comfortable as possible without eye strain. In most cases, a monitor's default resolution is recommended. A 1080p resolution is usually sufficient for office work, with higher resolutions recommended when greater detail is necessary.